What Is Ginsenosides ?
Ginsenosides are important active ingredients of ginseng. They belong to the triterpenoid glycoside compounds and can be divided into protopanaxadiol saponins (PPD-type saponins), protopanaxatriol saponins (PPT-type saponins) and oleanane-type. More than 40 ginsenosides have been isolated from ginseng roots.
Ginsenosides have multiple therapeutic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilation, anti-allergic, and anti-diabetic. Some ginsenosides show their anti-cancer properties by reducing DNA damage, reducing host susceptibility to mutations, increasing immune monitoring and cell apoptosis. In addition, ginsenosides can effectively improve the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy drugs and prevent damage to normal tissues.
Content Of Total Ginsenosides In Different Parts Of Ginseng
|
Part |
Total Ginsenosides Content |
|
Lateral roots |
60.5% |
|
Buds |
15% |
|
Ginseng leaves |
7.6%-12.6% |
|
Ginseng fibrous roots |
8.5%-11.5% |
|
Ginseng skin |
8.0%-8.8% |
|
Ginseng taproot |
2%-7% |
|
Ginseng young roots |
3% |
|
Seeds |
0.7% |
Types And Chemical Properties Of Ginsenosides
Ginsenosides all have similar basic structures, all containing a sterane steroid nucleus with 30 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. They are divided into two groups according to the different glycoside structures: dammarane type and oleanane type.
Dammarane type includes two categories:
Ginsenoside type-A, the aglycone is 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol. Contains the most ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rh2 and glycoside PD;
Ginsenoside type-B, the aglycone is 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol. Contains ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rh1 and glycoside PT.
Oleanane type: oleanolic acid type-C, the aglycone is oleanolic acid.
Total saponins are not hemolytic, type A is anti-hemolytic, while type B and type C are hemolytic.
|
Ginsenoside Types |
Efficacy |
|
Rh2 |
It has the effect of inhibiting the metastasis of cancer cells to other organs, enhancing the body's immunity, and quickly restoring physical fitness. It has a significant anti-metastasis effect on cancer cells, and can be taken with surgery to enhance wound healing and physical recovery after surgery. The absolute bioavailability is (16.1±11.3)%. |
|
Rg |
It has the effect of stimulating the central nervous system, resisting fatigue, improving memory and learning ability, and promoting DNA and RNA synthesis. It has the effect of stimulating the central nervous system, resisting fatigue, improving memory and learning ability, and promoting DNA and RNA synthesis. |
|
Rg1 |
It can quickly relieve fatigue, improve learning and memory, and delay aging. It has the effect of stimulating the central nervous system and inhibiting platelet aggregation. |
|
Rg2 |
It has an anti-shock effect, quickly improves myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, and treats and prevents coronary heart disease. |
|
Rg3 |
It can act on the G2 phase of the cell reproductive cycle, inhibit the synthesis of proteins and ATP in the pre-mitotic phase of cancer cells, slow down the proliferation and growth of cancer cells, and has the effects of inhibiting cancer cell infiltration, resisting tumor cell metastasis, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibiting tumor cell growth. |
|
Rg5 |
Inhibit cancer cell infiltration, anti-tumor cell metastasis, promote tumor cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell growth |
|
Rb1 |
American ginseng (American ginseng) has the highest content and has the potential to affect animal testicles and the embryonic development of mice. It has the function of enhancing the choline system, increasing the synthesis and release of acetylcholine and improving memory. |
|
Rb2 |
DNA and RNA synthesis promotion, brain center regulation has the effects of inhibiting the central nervous system, reducing intracellular calcium, anti-oxidation, scavenging free radicals in the body and improving myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. |
|
Rc |
Ginsenoside-Rc is a steroid molecule in ginseng. It has the function of inhibiting cancer cells. It can increase the activity of sperm. |
|
Rb3 |
It can enhance myocardial function and protect the body's own immune system. It can be used to treat myocardial contractile failure caused by various reasons. |
|
Rh |
It has the effects of inhibiting the central nervous system, hypnotic, analgesic, calming, antipyretic, and promoting serum protein synthesis. |
|
Rh1 |
It has the effects of promoting liver cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, and can be used to treat and prevent hepatitis and cirrhosis. |
|
R0 |
It has anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, and anti-thrombotic effects, inhibits acidic platelet aggregation, and has anti-hepatitis effects and activates macrophages. |
|
Rh3 |
Effects of ginsenoside Rh3 on proliferation and apoptosis of human coloncancer cells SW480. |
Anti-tumor ingredients
|
Ingredients |
Efficacy |
|
Rh2 |
Ginsenoside Rh2 monomer has an inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells, can induce tumor cell apoptosis, reverse abnormal differentiation of tumor cells, and resist tumor metastasis. When used in combination with chemotherapy drugs, it can enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity. In addition to the anti-tumor effect, ginsenosides have the effects of improving the body's immunity, antibacterial, improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular blood supply insufficiency, regulating the central nervous system, anti-fatigue, and delaying aging. |
|
Rh1 |
It can inhibit the adhesion and infiltration of tumor cells, prevent the formation of new blood vessels for cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth, spread and metastasis, and has significant anti-cancer function. It can significantly improve the decrease in white blood cells caused by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, and make blood rheology tend to normal. This ingredient has a strong preventive and anti-cancer effect, can improve human function and immune function, and has significant effects in combination with surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy. |
|
Rg5 |
Rg5 can induce apoptosis of various tumor cells. Rg5 extracted from fine black ginseng has been verified in human breast cells. Rg5 can also induce apoptosis and DNA damage in various cervical cancer cells. Aseries of in vitro experiments have confirmed that ginsenoside Rg5 has an inhibitory effect on esophageal cancer cells. |
|
Rh3 |
Ginsenoside Rh3 can inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer cells SW480 and induce apoptosis, and the effect is dose-dependent and time-dependent. |
|
aPPD |
20 (S) - Protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is an active ingredient with drug efficacy produced by ginsenosides after desugar metabolism and activation by gastrointestinal flora, and has a broad spectrum of anti-tumor effects. In recent years, the William Jia research group of the University ofBritish Columbia has conducted a series of studies on the anti-tumor activity of aPPD in vivo and in vitro, and found that it has dual pharmacological effects. On the one hand, it can directly kill tumor cells and promote their apoptosis; on the other hand, it can protect neurons from cytotoxic substances. |
What Is The Benefit Of Ginsenosides ?
The benefits of ginsenosides, the active compounds found in ginseng, are wide-ranging and have been the subject of extensive research. Some potential benefits of ginsenosides include:
1. Cognitive Function: Ginsenosides have been studied for their potential to support cognitive function, including memory, focus, and mental clarity.
2. Energy and Vitality: Ginsenosides are believed to have adaptogenic properties, which help support energy levels, reduce fatigue, and promote overall vitality.
3. Immune System Support: Some research suggests that ginsenosides have immune-modulating effects, potentially supporting a healthy immune response.
4. Stress Management: Ginsenosides are considered adaptogens, which means they help the body adapt to stress and promote a sense of well-being.
5. Cardiovascular Health: Some studies have explored the potential of ginsenosides in supporting cardiovascular health, including their effects on blood pressure and circulation.
It's important to note that the specific benefits of ginsenosides vary depending on the type of ginseng and the composition of the ginsenosides present. As with any supplement or natural product, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice regarding the use of ginsenosides for specific health concerns.
What Is The Applications Of Ginsenosides?
Ginsenosides have a wide range of potential applications due to their diverse pharmacological properties. Some of the applications of ginsenosides include:
1. Traditional Medicine: Ginsenosides have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in East Asia, for their adaptogenic and health-promoting properties.
2. Supplements: Ginsenosides are commonly used as active ingredients in dietary supplements and herbal preparations aimed at supporting cognitive function, energy levels, and overall well-being.
3. Pharmaceuticals: Research into the potential therapeutic applications of ginsenosides has led to their use in pharmaceutical products, particularly in the development of drugs for conditions such as cognitive decline, fatigue, and stress-related disorders.
4. Cosmetics: Ginsenosides are also utilized in the cosmetic industry for their potential skin benefits, including anti-aging and antioxidant properties.
5. Functional Foods and Beverages: Ginsenosides are incorporated into various functional foods and beverages, such as energy drinks and health tonics, to provide potential health benefits.
What Is The Side Effect Of Ginsenosides?
Ginsenosides are generally considered safe when used in appropriate doses, but like any bioactive compound, they may have potential side effects, especially when consumed in high amounts. Some possible side effects of ginsenosides may include:
1. Insomnia: High doses of ginsenosides may cause overstimulation, leading to difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Digestive Issues: Some individuals may experience digestive discomfort, such as nausea, diarrhea, or stomach upset, when consuming high doses of ginsenosides.
3. Hypertension: In rare cases, excessive consumption of ginsenosides may lead to elevated blood pressure.
4. Allergic Reactions: Although uncommon, some individuals may be allergic to ginsenosides, leading to symptoms such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing.
5. Hormonal Effects: Ginsenosides may have mild hormonal effects, and in some cases, they may interact with hormone-related medications or conditions.
It's important to note that the side effects of ginsenosides can vary depending on the individual, the specific type of ginseng, and the dosage. As with any supplement or natural product, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before using ginsenosides, especially for those with underlying health conditions or those taking medications.
Related Questions You can Be Interested In :
Who should not take ginseng ?
Certain individuals should exercise caution or avoid taking ginseng, including:
1. Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: The safety of ginseng during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been extensively studied, so it's generally recommended to avoid its use during these periods.
2. Individuals with Autoimmune Disorders: Ginseng may stimulate the immune system, which could potentially exacerbate autoimmune conditions. It's advisable for individuals with autoimmune disorders to consult a healthcare professional before using ginseng.
3. People with Bleeding Disorders: Ginseng may have mild anticoagulant effects, so individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking blood-thinning medications should use ginseng with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
4. Individuals with Hormone-Sensitive Conditions: Due to the potential hormonal effects of ginseng, individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer, uterine fibroids, or endometriosis should consult a healthcare professional before using ginseng.
5. Those with Insomnia or Anxiety Disorders: Ginseng may have stimulating effects, so individuals with insomnia or anxiety disorders should be cautious when using ginseng, especially in high doses.
Are ginsenosides steroids?
Ginsenosides are not steroids. They are a group of natural compounds found in the ginseng plant. While ginsenosides may have various health benefits, they are structurally and functionally distinct from steroids. Steroids are a class of hormones and lipids that play essential roles in the body's metabolism, immune function, and other physiological processes. In contrast, ginsenosides are saponins, a type of glycoside compound, and they are known for their adaptogenic and health-promoting properties
Which ginseng has the highest ginsenosides?
The ginseng species with the highest ginsenoside content is Panax ginseng, also known as Asian or Korean ginseng. This type of ginseng is known for its rich concentration of ginsenosides, which are the bioactive compounds responsible for many of the plant's health benefits. Panax ginseng is highly valued in traditional medicine and is often used for its potential adaptogenic and revitalizing properties. When seeking ginseng products with high ginsenoside content, Panax ginseng is a popular choice.
Is it okay to take ginseng every day?
It is generally considered safe for most people to take ginseng every day for short periods of time. However, long-term daily use of ginseng may lead to potential side effects or interactions with medications. Therefore, it's important to use ginseng under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially if you plan to take it on a daily basis for an extended period. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help ensure that ginseng is appropriate for your individual health needs and that it does not interact with any medications or pre-existing conditions.
Does ginseng increase testosterone?
Ginseng has been suggested to have potential effects on testosterone levels, although the evidence is not conclusive. Some studies have indicated that ginseng may have a modest impact on testosterone levels, potentially by supporting the mechanisms involved in testosterone production. However, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of ginseng's influence on testosterone.
What does ginseng do to female hormones?
Ginseng may have potential effects on female hormones, although the research in this area is not fully conclusive. Some studies have suggested that ginseng may have adaptogenic properties that could help support hormonal balance in women, particularly during periods of stress or hormonal fluctuations. Additionally, ginseng has been explored for its potential benefits in addressing symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes and mood changes.
Post time: Sep-12-2024
