Dab tsi yogResveratrol?
Resveratrol yog ib yam khoom ntuj tsim muaj nyob hauv qee cov nroj tsuag, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab cawv liab. Nws yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua polyphenols, uas ua raws li antioxidants thiab paub txog lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv. Resveratrol yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo liab thiab tau raug kev kawm ntau heev vim nws muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau ntau yam ntawm kev noj qab haus huv.
Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias resveratrol tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv, vim tias nws tuaj yeem pab txhawb cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau kawm txog nws cov peev xwm los tiv thaiv kab mob thiab antioxidant, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev laus.
Resveratrol kuj tau tshawb xyuas rau nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau nws cov teebmeem ntawm cov metabolism thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj qhov hnyav.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Resveratrol
Resveratrol (3-4'-5-trihydroxystilbene) yog non-flavonoid polyphenol compound. Nws lub npe tshuaj yog 3,4',5-trihydroxy-1,2-diphenylethylene (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), nws cov mis molecular yog C14H12O3, thiab nws qhov hnyav molecular yog 228.25.
Cov ntshiab resveratrol zoo nkaus li dawb mus rau lub teeb daj hmoov, tsis muaj ntxhiab, insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, thiab yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv organic solvents xws li ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, acetone, thiab ethyl acetate. Lub melting point yog 253-255 ° C, thiab sublimation kub yog 261 ° C. Nws tuaj yeem tig liab nrog cov tshuaj alkaline xws li dej ammonia, thiab tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog ferric chloride-potassium ferrocyanide. Cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov resveratrol.
Ntuj resveratrol muaj ob lub qauv, cis thiab trans. Nws tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub trans conformation nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Ob lub qauv tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov piam thaj los tsim cis thiab trans resveratrol glycosides. Cis- thiab trans-resveratrol glycosides tuaj yeem tso resveratrol raws li kev ua ntawm glycosidase hauv cov hnyuv. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ultraviolet, trans-resveratrol tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cis-isomers.
Txoj Kev Npaj
Natural cog extraction method
Grapes, knotweed thiab txiv laum huab xeeb yog siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau extract thiab cais cov resveratrol crude, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxuav nws. Cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb suav nrog cov kuab tshuaj organic extraction, alkaline extraction thiab enzyme extraction. Cov txheej txheem tshiab xws li microwave-pab extraction, CO2 supercritical extraction thiab ultrasonic-pab extraction kuj siv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom huv yog tsuas yog cais cov cis- thiab trans-isomers ntawm resveratrol thiab resveratrol los ntawm crude resveratrol kom tau trans-resveratrol. Cov txheej txheem purification muaj xws li chromatography, silica gel kem chromatography, nyias txheej chromatography, kev ua haujlwm siab ua kua chromatography, thiab lwm yam.
Synthesis method
Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawmresveratrolnyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tsawg heev thiab tus nqi extraction yog siab, kev siv tshuaj, lom, noob caj noob ces engineering thiab lwm txoj kev kom tau resveratrol tau los ua ib tug indispensable txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob txheej txheem. Perkin cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, Hech cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab Witting-Hormer cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib xyaw resveratrol, nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 55.2%, 70%, thiab 35.7% feem. Genetic engineering technology yog siv los tswj lossis txhim kho txoj hauv kev biosynthesis ntawm resveratrol kom tau txais cov qoob loo cog qoob loo; txoj kev xws li kev siv mutagenesis los xaiv cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm tes tuaj yeem ua kom cov resveratrol tawm los ntawm 1.5 ~ 3.0 npaug.
Dab tsi yog Qhov Kev Pabcuam NtawmResveratrol?
Resveratrol tau raug tshawb fawb vim nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv. Qee qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm resveratrol muaj xws li:
1.Anti-aging
Xyoo 2003, Harvard University tus xibfwb David Sinclair thiab nws pab pawg tau tshawb pom tias resveratrol tuaj yeem ua rau acetylase thiab ua rau lub neej ntev ntawm cov poov xab, uas ua rau muaj kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus ntawm resveratrol. Howitz et al. pom tias resveratrol tuaj yeem ua tus muaj zog tshaj plaws activator ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsiag to kev cai 2 homolog1 (SIRT1), tuaj yeem simulate cov lus teb los tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm calorie txwv (CR), thiab koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm lub neej nruab nrab ntawm cov kab mob. . CR yog ib tug muaj zog inducer ntawm SIRT1 thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau kom cov kev qhia ntawm SIRT1 nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg xws li lub hlwb, lub plawv, hnyuv, raum, nqaij thiab rog. CR tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev hloov pauv uas ncua kev laus thiab ncua kev ua neej, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus txog 50%. . Cov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias resveratrol tuaj yeem txuas lub neej ntev ntawm cov poov xab, nematodes, txiv hmab txiv ntoo yoov thiab qis ntses.
2.Anti-mob, tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav
Resveratrol muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau ntau cov qog nqaij hlav xws li nas hepatocellular carcinoma, mob cancer mis, mob qog noj ntshav, mob plab, thiab leukemia. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias resveratrol muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlwb melanoma los ntawm MTT txoj kev thiab ntws cytometry.
Muaj cov ntawv ceeb toom tias resveratrol tuaj yeem txhim kho kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab tiv thaiv cov kab mob qog noj ntshav. Tab sis txog tam sim no, vim qhov nyuaj ntawm resveratrol cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qog nqaij hlav, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo rau nws cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua.
3. Tiv thaiv thiab kho kab mob plawv
Kev tshawb fawb txog kab mob kis tau pom tias qhov tshwm sim "Fabkis paradox" yog tias cov neeg Fabkis haus cov roj ntau hauv ib hnub, tab sis qhov tshwm sim thiab kev tuag ntawm cov kab mob plawv yog qis dua li lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Qhov tshwm sim no yuav cuam tshuam nrog lawv txhua hnub noj cov cawv ntau ntau. , thiab resveratrol tuaj yeem yog nws qhov tseem ceeb tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias resveratrol tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov roj cholesterol hauv cov ntshav los ntawm kev khi rau cov tshuaj estrogen receptors hauv tib neeg lub cev, inhibit platelets los ntawm kev tsim cov ntshav txhaws thiab adhesion rau cov hlab ntsha phab ntsa, yog li inhibiting thiab txo qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob plawv, thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob plawv. kab mob plawv hauv tib neeg lub cev. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob vascular.
4.Antioxidant Kev them nyiaj yug:Resveratrolua raws li antioxidant, pab tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm oxidative puas tsuaj los ntawm dawb radicals. Qhov no yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev laus.
6. Lub hlwb noj qab haus huv: Kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav lub luag haujlwm ntawm resveratrol hauv kev txhawb nqa lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm, nrog qee cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog cov khoom tiv thaiv neuroprotective.
7.Metabolism thiab Weight Management: Resveratrol tau raug tshawb xyuas rau nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov metabolism thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv.
Dab tsi yog Daim Ntawv Thov NtawmResveratrol?
Resveratrol muaj ntau daim ntawv thov thiab siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw vim nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv. Qee qhov kev siv ntawm resveratrol muaj xws li:
1. Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus: Resveratrol feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus, feem ntau ua lag luam rau nws cov peev xwm antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev laus.
2. Cov khoom siv tawv nqaij: Resveratrol muaj nyob rau hauv qee cov khoom siv tawv nqaij vim nws cov khoom antioxidant, uas yuav pab tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj thiab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
3. Khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej haus ua haujlwm: Resveratrol qee zaum ntxiv rau cov khoom noj thiab dej haus, xws li cov dej qab zib thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus uas tsom ntsoov rau kev noj qab haus huv, los muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv.
4. Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txhim Kho: Resveratrol tseem yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua tshawb nrhiav nws cov kev siv tau hauv ntau yam kev noj qab haus huv thiab nws cuam tshuam rau kev laus, metabolism, thiab kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.
Dab tsi yog qhov Downside ntawm Resveratrol?
Thaum resveratrol tau kawm txog nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm poob lossis kev txwv cuam tshuam nrog nws txoj kev siv. Qee qhov kev txiav txim siab txog qhov downside ntawm resveratrol muaj xws li:
1. Txwv Bioavailability: Resveratrol muaj cov bioavailability tsawg, txhais tau hais tias lub cev yuav tsis nqus thiab siv tau zoo thaum noj qhov ncauj. Qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv uas xav tau.
2. Tsis muaj Standardization: Qhov zoo thiab qhov siab ntawm cov tshuaj resveratrol tuaj yeem sib txawv, thiab tsis muaj cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj no. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov neeg siv khoom los txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog npaum li cas thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.
3. Muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam: Resveratrol tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qee yam tshuaj lossis kev noj qab haus huv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv resveratrol, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj noj lwm yam tshuaj los yog muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv.
4. Kev txwv kev tshawb fawb: Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua kom nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig mus ntev, kev siv ntau npaum li cas, thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog resveratrol supplementation.
Raws li nrog rau ib qho ntxiv, nws raug nquahu kom mus rau kev siv cov resveratrol nrog ceev faj thiab raws li kev qhia ntawm tus kws kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv lossis noj lwm yam tshuaj.
Cov lus nug ntsig txog koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau:
Leej twg yuav tsum zamresveratrol?
Qee tus neeg yuav tsum tau ceev faj lossis zam cov resveratrol, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntxiv. Nws pom zoo rau cov pab pawg hauv qab no kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv resveratrol:
1. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub lossis pub niam mis: Vim tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm resveratrol thaum cev xeeb tub thiab pub niam mis, nws raug pom zoo rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub los yog pub niam mis kom nrhiav kev taw qhia los ntawm kws kho mob ua ntej siv cov tshuaj resveratrol.
2. Cov tib neeg noj cov ntshav thinners: Resveratrol tej zaum yuav muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me me, yog li cov tib neeg noj cov tshuaj uas txo cov ntshav ntshav yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob ua ntej siv resveratrol kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam.
3. Cov neeg uas muaj cov kab mob hormone-rhiab heev: Resveratrol tau kawm txog nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj hormones, yog li cov tib neeg uas muaj cov tshuaj hormones rhiab heev los yog cov uas tau kho cov tshuaj hormones yuav tsum siv resveratrol nrog ceev faj thiab nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas kev kho mob.
4. Cov tib neeg uas muaj kab mob siab: Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj resveratrol ntau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau daim siab. Cov tib neeg uas muaj lub siab mob lossis cov uas noj cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau lub siab yuav tsum siv resveratrol nrog ceev faj thiab nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas kev kho mob.
Ib yam li lwm yam ntxiv, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv resveratrol, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv, noj tshuaj, lossis muaj mob hauv qab.
resveratrol ua li cas rau daim tawv nqaij?
Resveratrol tau ntseeg tias muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig zoo rau daim tawv nqaij, uas tau ua rau nws suav nrog hauv cov khoom siv tawv nqaij. Qee qhov teebmeem ntawm resveratrol rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav muaj xws li:
1. Antioxidant Kev Tiv Thaiv: Resveratrol ua raws li cov tshuaj antioxidant, pab tiv thaiv cov dawb radicals thiab txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Qhov no tuaj yeem tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj, xws li UV hluav taws xob thiab cov pa phem.
2. Anti-Aging Properties: Resveratrol xav tias muaj cov teebmeem kev laus, vim nws yuav pab txo qis cov kab zoo thiab wrinkles, txhim kho daim tawv nqaij elasticity, thiab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
3. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Resveratrol tau kawm txog nws cov khoom muaj peev xwm los tiv thaiv kab mob, uas yuav pab tau soothe thiab so ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg uas muaj tawv nqaij rhiab lossis reactive.
4. Daim tawv nqaij Brightening: Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias resveratrol tuaj yeem ua rau cov tawv nqaij ci ntsa iab thiab yav tsaus ntuj tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov pom ntawm hyperpigmentation.
Cov zaub mov twg siab tshaj hauv resveratrol?
Cov khoom noj uas siab tshaj hauv resveratrol muaj xws li:
1. Red Grapes: Resveratrol yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm grapes liab, ua liab cawu cub los ntawm resveratrol. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum haus cawv hauv qhov nruab nrab, thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm resveratrol yuav nyiam rau cov neeg tsis haus cawv.
2. Peanuts: Qee hom txiv laum huab xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov txiv laum huab xeeb, muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm resveratrol.
3. Blueberries: Blueberries paub txog lawv cov ntsiab lus antioxidant, thiab lawv kuj muaj resveratrol, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv me me piv rau liab txiv laum huab xeeb thiab txiv laum huab xeeb.
4. Cranberries: Cranberries yog lwm qhov chaw ntawm resveratrol, muab ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm no compound.
5. Tsaus Chocolate: Qee yam ntawm cov qhob noom xim kasfes tsaus muaj resveratrol, muab txoj hauv kev qab los sib xyaw cov khoom xyaw no rau hauv kev noj haus.
Puas yog nws zoo rau noj resveratrol txhua hnub?
Kev txiav txim siab noj resveratrol txhua hnub yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav txog kev ntxiv resveratrol. Thaum resveratrol feem ntau suav hais tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum noj ntau hauv cov zaub mov, kev nyab xeeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev noj tshuaj resveratrol txhua hnub yuav txawv raws li tus neeg mob noj qab haus huv, cov mob uas twb muaj lawm, thiab lwm yam tshuaj noj.
Puas yog resveratrol lom rau lub siab?
Resveratrol tau raug kawm txog nws qhov muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau daim siab, thiab thaum nws feem ntau pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum noj ntau npaum li pom hauv cov zaub mov, muaj qee cov pov thawj los qhia tias cov tshuaj resveratrol ntau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau daim siab. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias kev siv ntau ntawm resveratrol tuaj yeem ua rau lub siab mob toxicity hauv qee qhov xwm txheej.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ncauj lus no tseem tsis tu ncua, thiab lub peev xwm ua rau lub siab toxicity tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li qhov ntau npaum li cas, lub sijhawm siv, thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus kheej. Ib yam li lwm yam ntxiv, nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv resveratrol, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv lossis noj lwm yam tshuaj uas yuav cuam tshuam rau lub siab ua haujlwm.
Puas yog resveratrol tsis zoo rau lub raum?
Muaj qee cov pov thawj qhia tias resveratrol tsis zoo rau lub raum. Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li lwm yam ntxiv, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj mob raum los yog noj cov tshuaj uas yuav cuam tshuam rau lub raum ua haujlwm. Nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob kom txiav txim siab seb qhov kev noj tshuaj resveratrol puas tsim nyog rau koj tus kheej cov kev xav tau kev noj qab haus huv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub raum noj qab haus huv.
Dab tsi los sib xyaw nrogresveratrol?
Thaum xav txog resveratrol supplementation, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj. Qee qhov kev txiav txim siab rau yam tsis sib xyaw nrog resveratrol suav nrog:
1. Cov Tshuaj Ntshav Qab Zib: Resveratrol tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me me, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau siv ceev faj thaum noj cov tshuaj resveratrol nrog rau cov tshuaj uas txo cov ntshav, vim nws yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo los ntshav.
2. Lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant: Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj antioxidants feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, kev noj ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant ib txhij yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo. Nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej muab cov resveratrol nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj antioxidant.
3. Tej yam tshuaj: Resveratrol tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov metabolized los ntawm daim siab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tham txog kev sib cuam tshuam nrog tus kws kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj noj lwm yam tshuaj.
Ib yam li lwm yam ntxiv, nws tseem ceeb heev kom nrhiav kev qhia los ntawm tus kws kho mob los txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog siv resveratrol raws li tus neeg mob noj qab haus huv thiab muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj.
Kuv puas tuaj yeem siv cov vitamin C nrog resveratrol?
Yog lawm, feem ntau koj tuaj yeem siv cov vitamin C nrog resveratrol. Qhov tseeb, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev sib xyaw resveratrol nrog vitamin C tuaj yeem txhim kho cov teebmeem antioxidant ntawm ob lub tebchaw. Vitamin C yog ib qho kev paub zoo antioxidant uas tuaj yeem ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm resveratrol. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntxiv, nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog kws kho mob kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib xyaw ua ke tsim nyog rau koj tus kheej xav tau kev noj qab haus huv thiab sib tham txog kev sib cuam tshuam lossis kev xav.
Post lub sij hawm: Sep-09-2024
